Travelling with tea – part 2

 (também publicado no Substack)

You may read part 1 here.

 

    China: About ten years ago, I started providing trade consultancy to some Chinese companies. For a couple of years, I had to travel frequently to China – and that’s when I got to know the southern part of the country. From the high Himalayan mountains of Yunnan 云南 to the softer Pacific hills of Zhejiang 浙江, I have been to the main tea plantation areas of China. What a shock, so many novelties! The teas I tasted there were completely new to me – nothing like the kind we might find in the tea shops of Lisbon. How is it possible to extract so many different flavours and aromas from the same Camellia sinensis leaves without adding new elements to them? And why were those teas not available in my country before?

Myself in a tea plantation nearby Eshan, in Yunnan.

    Before I proceed, I must say I am not a China scholar. One does not become an expert on a place after spending only a few hundred hours there. For instance, I love my wife’s origins: the city of Viseu and its surrounding villages. I try to learn as much about it as possible so that I may pass on some of those interests and affections to my kids. We spend some time there throughout the year, but am I an expert on Viseu? Come on, I don’t live there! No, I don’t feel like an expert on Viseu — and even less an expert on China. I’ve been to the Middle Kingdom more than a dozen times, and I would simply like to share some of my impressions about this fabulous culture, trying to keep politics aside for now.

 

    Zhejiang 浙江: China has many museums dedicated to tea, but there is only one China National Museum of Tea. This official museum is in the precious tea plantation of Longjing 龙井, a little village in Zhejiang province. Across the famous West Lake of Hangzhou 杭州市, a few miles further, you will find a wonderful light green plain nestled in the middle of dark green mountains and crossed by a small river. The museum has a wealth of information, a good collection of historic tea instruments, a library, nice shops, and a tea house where you may taste the signature specialty of this place: Longjing tea 龙井茶. This is a very delicate green tea with straight loose leaves, looking flat as if they were ironed, and extremely tender after being infused. These tea leaves can be eaten; they form the base of a delicate local dish consisting of prawns cooked with Longjing tea, which adds a slight bitterness and much elegance to the meal. To complete this experience, you may visit the villages of Longjing 龙井 and Mei Jia Wu 梅家坞, the ancient Buddhist statues of the Fei Lai Feng grottos 飞来峰 — which survived the Cultural Revolution thanks to university students and locals who resisted the Red Guards — as well as the beautiful West Lake 西湖 with its impressive pagodas and the imperial city of Hangzhou 杭州市. 

A beautiful tea room in Longjing, with a view to a tea plantation.

    Fujian 福建: Most Chinese tea in Lisbon during the 90s came from this province facing the Taiwan Strait. Like any Chinese province, Fujian is a cosmos of diversity. I can share some thoughts on two of the most well-known tea areas in Fujian: the Wuyi Mountains 武夷山 and Anxi 安溪县. In the north of the province lie the Wuyi Mountains, where fine oolongs are produced alongside two fabulous black teas: the smoky Lapsang Souchong and Da Hong Pao. The latter is very aromatic, with notes reminding me of oak, cocoa, and prunes, and a velvety body if well brewed — it is one of my favourites.

    Like other great discoveries, these teas have curious stories behind them. Da Hong Pao 大红袍 literally means "Great Red Robe," which was allegedly given by the emperor to a man who cured him of his illness with this tea. And the story of Lapsang Souchong 正山小种 goes like this: in a tea-producing village, all the men were rounded up to go to war. As often happens, the conflict lasted longer than expected, and when the farmers finally came home, there was no time to properly dry their tea leaves for the market. They had to improvise, so they gathered pine firewood and dried the leaves in its smoke. The result was a strange new type of tea, but the clients loved it and demanded the "accident" be repeated for future harvests.

Destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor, December 16, 1773.

    One more story: the famous "Bohea" teas are the teas produced in the Wuyi Mountains. In the local Hokkien dialect, the Wuyi Mountains (Wuyi Shan) are called Bu-i-soa, which is why the English called what they sourced from there "Bohea." The tea that Americans threw overboard during the famous Boston Tea Party (1773) was mainly Bohea. Just imagine, what a waste! Additionally, this Hokkien dialect explains a major etymological divide: Portuguese, Slavic, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi, and Japanese call the drink like the Mandarin Chinese – cha –, while other European languages call it like the Hokkien dialect – te.

    If we head south, the people of Anxi 安溪县 proudly declare they live in the “Chinese Capital of Tea.” I’m sure they are not the only ones with that pretension, but this is the place to get excellent white teas and my favourite oolong of all: the extraordinary Tie Guan Yin 铁观音. Unfortunately, it is difficult to buy decent Tie Guan Yin outside of Anxi. When you get these rolled, curly leaves, your infusion will have a strong body and elegant aromatic notes of peaches, apricots, and white flowers.

Separating the twigs from the leaves of Tie Guan Yin tea in the Anxi market.

    If you are in Anxi, don't miss the lovely city of Xiamen 厦门市 (Amoy) facing the Taiwan Strait, and the little island of Gulangyu 鼓浪屿 with its old merchants’ and diplomats’ colonial houses — once dubbed "the richest square mile on earth." Once a hub of commerce between China and the West, Gulangyu is now a tourist attraction with tropical gardens, a piano museum, and shops selling pearls and craftworks. A special word must also go to Quanzhou 泉州, a beautiful city of around 7 million people where satin was invented; it was a starting point for the maritime Silk Road. I spent a few days there visiting temples of different religions and using a bicycle to get around. I climbed Qingyuan Mountain 清源山 for beautiful views, saw the harmonious statue of Laozi carved in granite over a thousand years ago during the Song Dynasty, and visited a Shaolin temple where I saw young monks in their robes learning martial arts. Well, enough of Fujian, or else I will start buying plane tickets before I finish this text!

 

    Yunnan 云南: Let’s get back to tea’s origins. In the eastern continuation of the Himalayas, the mountains of Yunnan are where everything began. In the year 2737 B.C., as the legend goes, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong was resting in the shade of a tree. Some leaves fell into his cup of hot water and infused. The tree was a Camellia sinensis, and as he tried the new drink, he felt reinvigorated. The mythic Tea Horse Road 茶马古道 starts here. Compressed into bricks, tea was transported on the backs of donkeys and men through the mountains to Tibet. Tibetans loved the tea, and in exchange, they provided the fantastic horses the Chinese needed for expansion. This trade kept the route busy for centuries. While the teas of Menghai 勐海县 and Xishuangbanna 西双版纳 are famous, Pu’er 普洱 tea is second to none. It is a very dark tea because it is oxidized and fermented; it can be stored in a cellar like vintage wine, its rough flavours growing softer and rounder over time, shifting from notes of earth and iodine to woody aromas. I once imported Pu’er from a village north of Eshan 峨山 at an altitude of 2,300m. Next time, I would like to visit the picturesque historic places of Lincang 临沧市, Dali 大理, and Lijiang 丽江市. For now, I remember the astonishing natural beauty of Shilin 石林, a "stone forest" near the capital city of Kunming 昆明. Whether in the cities or in rural areas, we see ethnic minorities speaking their local languages, with women and girls wearing cheerful folkloric dresses that lift our mood with colour and life.

A section of the Tea Horse Ancient Road - Cha Ma Gu Dao.

 

    Next: In upcoming posts, I will write about the teas I tasted in Macau, Hong Kong, and Japan. Japan has a completely different tea culture that deserves our attention! I might also tell the story of my tea business and share some references of other tea brands that I like. That’s all for today, thanks for reading!